Stone

Stone serves as cladding, flooring, paving, and walling in facades, interiors, and landscapes. It provides refined, long-lasting finishes suitable for high-profile civic and cultural projects.

Cradle-to-gate EPDs for natural stone, such as Portland stone, account for quarrying and processing emissions, with full lifecycle including modules C1-C4 and D showing potential offsets. Transportation distances increase embodied carbon compared to local alternatives.